I chose answer choice E. In the explanation for why E is wrong it says, “this one connects intended and actual outcomes, not means and ends”. But for the correct answer choice, C, isn’t it also talking about a value and not a means and end?

Please answer

I have no idea if I'm anywhere near the mark with this, but I'll try to diagram it. It seems to me that C and E are almost logical opposites. C) Justify action only by Value of Intended Outcome (In order to justify an action, you must appeal to its intended outcome) J(A) --> Appeal (IO) E) The only way to justify an Intended Outcome is somehow through the Value of that actions Actual Outcomes. Note the Actual Outcomes haven't been mentioned at all in the passage. Justify (Intended Outcomes) --> Value (Actual Outcomes) Even though I could be wrong with the diagramming, it seems to me that the Necessary Condition in answer choice C is the Sufficient Condition in answer choice E. When I look at the argument's conclusion, it says "nothing will justify a means except an end's value," which seems to be saying something like, "if you want to justify a means, you must do that through the end's value" Diagramming this, I'd get something like: Justify (means) --> End Value This seems much closer to answer choice C

What does the word "appeal" mean in the context of answer C?

It probably means something like "only by calling upon the value" or "only by invoking the value"