Difference between answer choice C and E?

Hello @AmMaSu, Before I look at the answer choices, I'm trying to simplify the argument in my own words. "This happened consistently in the past, therefore it will happen in the future" is what I came up with. This is most closely matched by answer choice C. The sister never won a chess tournament in the past, therefore she won't win this one. It seems like you understand why C is correct. I'll explain how E is different, but I see why it was confusing. Its use of "has" does make it seem like it is using the past to predict the future. However, E is actually not referring to a past event vs. future event. Rather, it is referring to parts of a whole vs. the whole itself. I'll make up an example to demonstrate the difference. C: "The chef has never made a good pizza, therefore his next pizza will be bad." E: "The ingredients of the pizza are bad, therefore the pizza will be bad." I hope this is helpful.

Nice illustration! Thanks!