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Let's diagram: "All parrots can learn to speak a few words and phrases." P1: P ==> LSWP not LSWP ==> not P "Not all parrots have equally pleasant dispositions," NOTE: "not all" means that at least one is not. So, that will translate to a "some," since this is a Must Be True question and our answer must, in every case, be true. Q1: P-some-not EPD not EPD-some-P "some of those native to Australia can be counted on for a sweet temper." NOTE: we always want to keep variables as consistent as possible, so even though this statement specifies parrots native to Australia, they are still parrots, so we can still keep it consistent with "P." Q2: P-some-ST ST-some-P "Almost any parrot, however, will show tremendous affection for an owner who raised the bird from a chick by hand-feeing it." NOTE: same goes for "almost any"--this means at least one is, and since this is a Must Be True question, and we can count this as a "some" statement, we use "some" since "most" will not always be true. Q3: P-some-TAO not TAO-some-P We can combine "P1" and "Q2" like so: ST-some-P ==> LSWP to conclude: ST-some-LSWP, i.e. some parrots that are sweet tempered can learn to speak. Thus, as you can see, answer choice (A): "Some parrots that can learn to speak are sweet tempered," is correct. Hope that clears things up! Please let us know if you have any other questions.

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There is no need for a video explanation to this question since it has no major visual components. Please refer to the written explanation above for a breakdown of the problem. Hope that helps! Please let us know if you have any other questions.

Can we also combine P1 with Q2 and P1 with Q3 to conclude not EPD-some-LSWP and TAO-some-LSWP?

@Alex yes for P1 and Q2 as shown here: P1: "All parrots can learn to speak a few words and phrases." P ==> LSWP not LSWP ==> not P Q2: " . . . some of those native to Australia can be counted on for a sweet temper." P-some-ST ST-some-P ST-some-P ==> LSWP ST-some-LSWP LSWP-some-ST And yes for P1 and Q3 as shown here: Q3: "Almost any parrot, however, will show tremendous affection for an owner who raised the bird from a chick by hand-feeding it." P-some-TAO TAO-some-P TAO-some-P ==> ST TAO-some-ST ST-some-TAO Hope that helps! Please let us know if you have any other questions.

How can you tell when a variable like "parrot native to Australia" should be kept as the original variable P, rather than made into its own new variable?

"some of those native to Australia" the best question to ask yourself is what is native to australia? parrots are.

Why does Q3 quantifier have a contrapositive. For example P-some-TAO Not TAO-some-P I thought this was not allowed

Hi @esther, thanks for your post. If you are referring to the Q3 diagram posted by @Naz, above, you are right - that's a typo. The correct diagram for the statement "Almost any parrot, however, will show tremendous affection for an owner who raised the bird . . ." is P-some-TAO (or, reversed properly, TAO-some-P). Sorry about that confusion. Hope this helps!

Please explain why P1 was diagramed as P==>LSWP and not P==> FW & FP

Hi @KimJongUn, thanks for your post. It's because of the semantics of the first sentence - "a few words and phrases" is one phrase, not two separate necessary requirements. That is why it is diagrammed as P ==> LSWP. Hope this helps! Please let us know if you have any additional questions.

if you take the quantifier "most" ==> "some" then the answer choice is narrowed down exponentially. Answer choice A is the only one that addresses this quantifier rule.

Answer choice B does not properly invoke the quantifier rule regarding "some". It turns into, a sufficient component which it is not. It says "some parrots from Australia".

Why do you diagram "Not all parrots have equally pleasant dispositions," as P-some-not EPD / not EPD-some-P and not P-some-EPD ?