In verse of first sentence

Hi @shamadi, Thanks for the question! So if I understand your question correctly, it’s why we diagram that sentence as Small country v Country in southern hemisphere —> ~Permanent seats on the UNSC as opposed to ~Small country & ~ Country in southern hemisphere —> Permanent seats on the UNSC So to start of, those are both mistaken negations of each other, so they can’t both mean the sentence. Remember, X —> Y and ~X —> ~Y don’t mean the same thing. For example, saying that if it’s dinner time, I’ll eat some food doesn’t mean that if it’s not dinner time, I won’t eat food. So now we reach the question of how to diagram “No X are Y” statements. And the answer, as you now know, is X -> ~Y. And this actually matches our intuitions about how we use these statements in the real world. Let’s take the following statement: No turtles are mammals. What’s this mean? It means that if something’s a turtle, it’s not a mammal. And that’s just Turtle —> ~Mammal Contrast that with ~Turtle —> Mammal Which means that if something’s not a turtle, it’s a mammal. Is that what “no turtles are mammals” means? No. And that’s why we diagram this statement, which is a “no X are Y” statement, the way we did. Hope this helps! Feel free to ask any other questions that you might have.