Why is E correct?

Can I follow up on Shiyi's question - I picked C, after eventually ruling out A B and D. I spent a really long time on this question, as the answer choices all seemed so similar! I had an issue with 'proponents of two proposals' in the answer choice, but C seemed to get to the heart of the debate, judging non-western cultures using western methods. What would have tipped me off that C was incorrect, whereas E was correct? Thanks so much!